Artist Exploring Socially Sensitive Subjects Sex

Over the years many artist have viewed sensitive subjects within their work. Sex is one of the sensitive subjects that has been viewed in a positive and negative way. Before and during the 19th century, most paintings, sculptures, and art pieces focused on the features of a humans body. During this time, most artist believed that showing these features of a human could show the role a woman and man had in life. Sculptures in early times focused on the body of a man and showed distinctive features from head to toe. Most sculptures were representations of Greek Gods, which showed their strength and power throughout their body. Showing the sexual side of men in art, lead to showing the sexual features of a woman. The sexual features of a†¦show more content†¦In this painting is shows a nude woman covering her private areas (p69) . As a viewer of the painting, I believe the woman is more focus on showing her confidence in herself rather than worrying about her nudity being th e topic of the painting. In comparison to the Venus of Urbino, the Venus of Willendorf which is Figure 7.3, is a small sculpture that displays realistic features of a womans body. The sculpture presented features such as breasts, legs, pubic areas, and toes. The Venus of Willendorf also represented the stability in fertility and good fortune in the life of a woman. The Venus of Willendorf lacked the actual appearance of a women, it had distinctive dimensions of a woman. Its obvious that these are two different pieces of art, but these pieces of art informs a viewer of how the sexual appearance of a woman contributed to this era. Over time artists incorporated the sexual appearance of both man and woman into their artwork. Some artist would show men and woman as a primordial couple. The first primordial couple that is shown in the textbook is Adam and Eve (Figure 7.11). The focus of the painting wasnt entirely based on the multiplying of Adam and Eve, but the representation of th e couple were seen in a nude manner. The man in the painting who represented himself as Adam, covered his eyes, but showed the reproduction genitals of his body. 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Effects Of Insider Trading Company Galleonâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Effects Of Insider Trading Company Galleon? Answer: Introduction In the present world of stiff completion within the business world, business ethics as well as sustainability have been identified to be the crux of business success of organizations, firms, and companies (Zhu Wang 2015). Business ethics refers to the practice of acting in the required and right way, considering the factors within a businesss operations. These ethical factors include a companys conduct towards the community in its environment of operation and its employees, as well as the companys production processes (Valera Velasco-Lao 2009). Business sustainability, similarly, refers to a balance as well as enduring methodologies toward ecological responsibility, societal benefit, and economic activity (Nguyen et al. 2017). Lenkey (2017) posits that with consumers becoming sensitive about conservation of their environment, companies have been compelled to ensure that they are sustainable, making sure that it takes into consideration its long-term views regarding a balance between economic, social, and economic effects of its business operations (Klein et al. 2017). As such, companies are no more said to be effective and efficient just because they are able to produce and distribute goods and services but how well they can impact the community as well as the environment. One of the companies that has suffered the impacts of business ethics is Galleon Group. For this reason, this report will critically analyse the ethical and sustainability issues that surrounded the downfall of Galleon Group despite having had a robust start and a good management. An Overview of the Case The Galleon Group, which was founded in the year 1997, was a privately possessed hedge fund company that offered information along with services regarding investments. The company made huge profits relative to other firms by marketing careful selection of stocks. Its performance made it attract several renowned employees from prestigious companies like Goldman Sachs as well as Needham amp Co. Raj Rajaratnam, who served for 11 years as Needhams analyst, quitted to start the Galleon Group. Upon his departure, Rajaratnam took a number of employees from Needham amp Co. The act of poaching employees is highly illegal. According to Zekos (2016), poaching employees involves stealing of confidential information regarding a companys production and sales processes by the virtue of having the experts and expertise who were involved in such processes in their former company. While running Galleon Group, Rajaratnam employed a flamboyant or showy style of leadership, doing anything that hewould to see his company ranking high in the stock market. In an instance, Rajaratnam offered a sum of $5000 to any of his employees who could accept to shock him/herself with a stun-gun. One of his employees responded but was later on hospitalized since he became unconscious. Rajaratnams began encountering issues with the law in 2005 when he had to part with $20 million which was used to settle a federal scrutiny. The investigation was launched against him over a fake tax shelter which was valued at $52 million (Ahern 2017). In addition to this, the group also had to pay $2 million for purposes of settling aSecurities and Exchanges Commission (SEC) investigation over illegal/unlawful stock trading engagements (Gider Westheide 2016), which was revealed when it was detected that an Intel Inc. employee supplied Rajaratnam with information regarding the companys production and sales. Rajaratnam had a serious network of acquaintances. Among his acquaintances was Goldmans Sachs. Rajaratnam was later convicted of 14 different charges and was proved to be guilty on all of them. Nonetheless, his team and him are planning to appeal against the decision that was made. Five more people were also convicted for engaging in insider trading and fraud. One of the people who wereconvictedbecause of the cases was Rajat Gupta. Gupta was a man who had a high profile alongside great influence, having been the first Indian-born CEO and working in some of the most lucrative companies. Despite the successes that it had realized in the years past, the company collapsed and was declared closed. Clearly, the downfall of the company, which had really flourished, came as a result of unethical practices that the companys executives were involved in. Analysis of the Case Rajaratnam was convicted of 14 cases and was found guilty of all of them. The issues were all about his involvement in insider trading practices, which is against ethical conducts of employees as is often highlighted in employment contracts. As posited by Ali and Hirshleifer (2016), employees are not allowed to make use of their current or former companys confidential information for their individual benefits or gains. Moreover, they are not allowed to involve themselves in any business activities that may offer direct competition to their current and former employers. Going by these management, Rajaratnam felt a victim since he sought for information regarding companies production and sales information through texts, voice calls, and meetings. Through these techniques, Rajaratnam was able to know some of the strategies that its rivals were using. They then modified the same to come up with very robust ones, making his company to rise above the rest in the industry. Additionally, he pointed to the weaknesses of his rivals since he was privy to such confidential information. From the foregoing, Rajaratnam as well as the other five people with whom he was convicted were involved in unethical and unlawful practices that led to several fining of the company. With the heavy fines, penalties, and thorough investigations, the company collapsed. Questions and Answers Opportunities, gifts, and money exchange with the intention of collecting non-public data for reasons of obtaining unfair/undue advantage in the world of business is unethical and illegal. These practices are significantly prevalent in the Wall Street as was highlighted in a study that was conducted by the S.E.C which established that there has been 102 distinct cases of such between the January of 1990 and December 2013 involving insider trading (Waxman 2017). Some of the techniques that were used by Rajaratnam are considerably common on Wall Street. Rajaratnam collected information via phone calls, texts, and attending meetings. Since he was able to get the information he desired that easily, I feel the same techniques he employed are common on Wall Street. The ethical culture that characterizes the Waal Street, according to Langevoort (2016), is egoism and greed which make them lose idea of what is wrong and what is right. Kusnadi (2015) points out that egoists hold the belief that they ought to take part in decision making processes that optimize their individual self-interest. Fund-managers as well as CEOs have the primary goal of maximizing profits, and some of them such as Raj Rajaratnam, can employ any act like fraud and/or bribery to realize their desires. Owing to greed and egoistic behaviours, there is no doubt that white-collar job as well as insider trading crimes will continue growing. However, people have continued to advance strategies that can be employed to help reduce/preventthese illegal and unethical practices. The government ought to enact strict laws that require companies/organizations to design robust surveillance, compliance, supervisory as well as control measures to help detect illegal and unethical insider trading (Langevoort 2016). Similarly, investors, executives, and regulators can do whatever it takes to track all the information that they distribute alongside being aware of monetary transactions. The regulators should be vigilant to see unusual activities within the stock marketplaces before significant occasions within firms like divestments, acquisitions, mergers, and new product launches, among others. While it may be difficult to detect these anomalies, regulators should ensure that the victims are subjecte d to severe penalties. Investors must be careful when contemplating capitalizing in funds whose integrity tracks are questionable. They should look into a firms fundamentals before making long-term investments. Valera and Velasco-Lao (2009) argue that short-term investments are often intrinsically risky due to volatility and may give false impression regarding the track record of some fund or a company. Lastly, the executives should endeavour to be loyal to their employers. They should be cautious whenever they are talking to outsiders. Despite the measures that may be taken to prevent or reduce insider trading, people will yet find ways to hide. This is because there are no specific strategies that can be employed to help curb down the practice of data gathering. According to Schwartz (2017), when a firms insider shares confidential information with a prospective investor within a stock market, the prospective investor acquires undue/unfair advantage. For instance, it is common practice that firms whose stocks are traded publicly on stock exchanges are required to openly disclose their quarterly monetary operations or statements after some scheduled and designated dates to the stock exchanges. Upon the disclosure of these information, a level playground for all potential investors is created and the prices of stocks can rise or fall depending on this extra information (Lattman 2010). Sharing of confidential information material is unethical and illegal. There are a number of implications that are associated with sharing of confidential information of a company. First, it can lead to the termination of an employees contract with a company. A breach of the principle of confidentiality by an employee leads to his/her expulsion from a company (Wielhouwer 2013) since it is within an employers legal right to fire one in case the individual leaks non-public information with outsiders of the company. The second implication is lawsuit damages. An employer, as hinted above, can sue his/her employee for leaking confidential information and if the trial of the employee is successful, the employer can get financial damages from his/her employee (Hillier et al. 2015). The implication of this is that the employee will be required to pay some money to his/her former employer, particularly if the leakage caused the employer an identifiable financial damage (Gregoriou Ali 2009). Raghavan (2013) adds that in some cases, an employee may be compelled even to pay for the punitive damages that were generated by his/her conduct to his/her employer. Rajaratnam and Gupta suffered lawsuit damages. Sharing confidential information has the implication of leading to criminal charges. Driggers (2012) points out that under extreme conditions, sharing non-public information by an employee can lead to criminal charges against workers. Mogul (2015) explains that in cases where the sharing of information comprises of stealing an employers intellectual propriety or proprietary information, the theft crime can be punished by imprisonment or fine. Lastly, sharing of confidential information can lead to damage of reputation. From a long-term standpoint, sharing of confidential information can completely damage an employees reputation, particularly if the employee works in an industry characterized by stiff competition (Gider Westheide 2016). The cases of Rajaratnam and Gupta eloquently explain this. Regarding my stock trading, I would make no attempt to make a choice regarding that stock, owing to the fact that I never had a legal information concerning the stock. I would ensure that I act hard and make no decision that would earn revenue, yet if things boiled down, I would probably be in trouble for possessing that kind of information. Having information from inside and impeccable sources that there are possibilities that a stock will decrease after some period of time, I will be able to determine if I felt comfortable investing financially into that stock. Similarly, owing to the fact that I have no clue regarding stock marketplace industry outs and ins, I would be hesitant to make any ruling on stock market to someone. However, thus does not imply I will be exempt from investigations and/or punishment in case my hired individual violates confidentiality laws in my stead. Contrarily, had I the opportunity to privy the insider information, I would still make opportunities in attempting to be as legal, ethical, and suitable as I ought to be. I would want my investors, colleagues, and employees to entirely comprehend the culture within which my commerce errands are ran, ethically as well as with transparency. Thus, confidential information influence a stock, and general, investment. The secret investigation as well as conviction of Raj. Rajaratnam along with other employees of Galleon network will not dissuade other investors and fund managers from sharing or leaking confidential (non-public) information. From my response to question 1, I indicated that there have been a high number of frauds taking place within the insider trading which are going on at an alarmingly rapid rate. Personally, I hold the opinion that the outcomes of this case will sensitize most insiders to carefully filter out suspicious people and/or give a close and keen attention to their business environments alongside the people who are in their surroundings and circle of friend/trust (Zekos 2016). Nevertheless, this will not successfully help them deter the occurrence of any infraction, just in the same way infractions are spoken of as well as executed. Additionally, the secret investigation and conviction will not help reduce cases of such frauds since most people always think that they are able to outsmart any kind of system (Ahern 2017). This makes them feel that they are capable of hiding (Ali Hirshleifer 2016). Since the investigation was done in secrets, other employees of Galleon never knew what led to the accusation of Rajaratnam. As such, they will still find themselves trapped in the same mess. My justification for this argument is that Rajaratnam was able to conspire without other people committing trade secrets and frauds which later on led him to being charged for insider trading. Additionally, it is notable that instead of making use of the skills he gained from working alongside other monetarist institutions, Rajaratnam unethically colluded with other firms to canvass confidential information regarding stocks that were never publicly released. It is also worth noting that with the globalisation and technological advancement, there a number of strategies that have come up for data gathering that can easily outwit the process of Rajaratnams investigation and conviction. Valera and Velasco-Lao (2009) posit that globalisation has also made the global marketplace accessible to different people at any time, making it difficult for other employees of the company to be held responsible for leakage of secret information. It is for these reasons that I answer this question by a no. Conclusion From the analysis, it can be summarised that inside trading is illegal, unethical, and costly to individuals and companies involved. Considering the case of Galleon Group, it is evident that despite the fact that the company was able to make good profit right from the time it was launched, things changed, leading to the collapse of the company. The company had to part with a lot of money in servicing the fines and penalties that it faced. Companies must, for this reason, try to ensure that they close all gaps through which their confidential information can be leaked. The advancement in technology management day bay day implies that companies must modify their strategies each moment to ensure that their information are safeguarded at all time. Text messaging, phone calling, and meeting, among other techniques through which people can acquire these information are to be guarded since a leak of such information for a company in the SE can easily affect its survival in the market. For e mployees to evade the implications that surround insider trading, employees should always be careful of those they talk to. According the case of Rajaratnam and Galleon Group, it is revealed that some people openly shared information with Rajaratnam leading to their guilt of the unethical and illegal practice of leaking confidential information. The analysis reveals that greed and egotism are not good. Lastly, it is important for employees and companies to know that there are a number of ways through which they can be caught revealing such confidential information. Nonetheless, this report establishes that despite efforts by companies to safeguard their confidential information, they cannot completely succeed in protecting their information. This calls for modification of strategies all the time. List of References Ahern, KR 2017, 'Information networks: Evidence from illegal insider trading tips',Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 125, pp. 26-47. Ali, U, Hirshleifer, D 2016, 'Opportunism as a firm and managerial trait: Predicting insider trading profits and misconduct',Journal of Financial Economics. Driggers, A 2012, 'Raj Rajaratnam's historic insider trading sentence',American Criminal Law Review, vol. 49, p. 2021. Gider, J, Westheide, C 2016, 'Relative idiosyncratic volatility and the timing of corporate insider trading',Journal of Corporate Finance, vol. 39, pp. 312-334. Gregoriou, GN, Ali, PU 2009,Insider Trading: Global Developments and Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Hillier, D, Korczak, A, Korczak, P 2015, 'The impact of personal attributes on corporate insider trading',Journal of Corporate Finance, vol. 30, pp. 150-167. Klein, O, Maug, E, Schneider, auditing, 'Trading strategies of corporate insiders',Journal of Financial Markets, vol. 34, pp. 48-68. Kusnadi, Y 2015, 'Insider trading restrictions and corporate risk-taking',Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, vol. 35, no. Part A, pp. 125-142. Langevoort, DC 2016,Selling Hope, Selling Risk: Corporations, Wall Street, and the Dilemmas of Investor Protection, Oxford University Press, New York. Lattman, P 2010, 'In Court Hearing, U.S. Defends Use of Wiretaps in Galleon Case',The New York Times, p. 3. Lenkey, SL 2017, 'Insider trading and the short-swing profit rule',Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 169, pp. 517-545. Mogul, AN 2015, 'Behind enemy phone lines: insider trading, parallel enforcement, and sharing the fruits of wiretaps',Fordham Law Review, vol. 84, p. 1247. Nguyen, V, Tran, A, Zeckhauser, R 2017, 'Stock splits to profit insider trading: Lessons from an emerging marketing',Journal of International Money and Finance, vol. 74, pp. 69-87. Raghavan, A 2013,The Billionaire's Apprentice : The Rise of The Indian-American Elite and The Fall of The Galleon Hedge Fund, 1st ed, Business Plus, New York. Schwartz, MS 2017,Business Ethics: An Ethical Decision-Making Approach, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA. Valera, KD, Velasco-Lao, FM 2009, 'Towards Investor Confidence: Insider Trading Laws and Its Implications on Market Efficiency [article]',Philippine Law Journal, no. 2, p. 421. Waxman, AB 2017,Rogues of Wall Street: How to Manage Risk in the Cognitive Era, Wiley, Hoboken. Wielhouwer, JL 2013, 'When is public enforcement of insider trading regulations effective?International Review of Law Economics, vol. 34, pp. 52-60. Zekos, GI 2016,Law and Economics of Corporate Governance and Insider Trading, Nova Science Publishers, Inc, Hauppauge, New York. Zhu, C, Wang, L 2015, 'Insider trading under trading ban regulation in Chinas A-share market',China Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 8, pp. 169-191.

Singapore MACRO environment Essay Example

Singapore MACRO environment Paper Singapore economy is one of the best performers. In the 2nd quarter of 2013, Singapore economy posted a 3. 7 per cent on-year growth. On a quarter-on- quarter seasonally-adjusted annelids basis, the economy grew by 15. 2 per cent, faster than the 1. 8 per cent growth in the previous quarter. The increase is supported by supported by robust growth in the manufacturing wholesale and retail trade, transportation and storage, and finance and insurance sectors. Singapore residential market has a strong end-user demand as evidenced from the vacancy rates of around 5 to 6 per cent. With a high utilization rate, it means that the mortgages will get paid either by the owner-occupier or by the landlord who has let out the home to a tenant. Coupled with an employment rate of just below 2 per cent, we can expect that mortgage default risks will remain low, as cheap borrowing costs could last till late 2015. The construction sector grew by 1 1. 2 percent, faster than the 10. 3 percent growth in the preceding quarter. Singapore is one of the most business-friendly countries in the world. According to the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom, Singapore is the 2nd freest economy in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Singapore MACRO environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Singapore MACRO environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Singapore MACRO environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Singapore business freedom score is exceptionally high it takes three days to start a business in Singapore compared to the worlds average of thirty-four days. Apart from strong cuisines and regulatory policies, other factors such as the countrys strategic geographic position, a vast natural seaport, a highly skilled workforce and a favorable tax regime. Social Singapore has a multi-racial and multi-religious character, where giving fair treatment to all races in education, housing and health is considered very important. The minorities are assured of equal representation in Parliament through the Group Representation Constituency or GAR system. The total population in Singapore was last recorded at 5. 3 million in 201 2 by the Statistics Singapore (http://www. Tragicomedies. Com/Singapore/ population). The population is highly diverse; the majority are Chinese with almost 75% of the total population, while Malay and Underperforming significant minorities. Reflecting this diversity, the county has four official languages: English, Malay, Chinese, and Tamil, whereby 90% Of population speak English. S engravers lifestyle is multi-cultural with each of these ethnic communities maintaining their unique way of life and at the same time living harmoniously. In December 2011, Singapore had 3. 27 million Singapore Citizens (CSS), and 0. 54 million Permanent Residents (Pros) that made up the resident population f 3. 81 million. The country also had a non-resident population of 1. 46 million who are working, studying or living in Singapore on a non-permanent basis. As of the year 201 0, Singapore literacy rate is 95. 86% of the population. The high rate is attributed to the governments free education among the citizens. Http://yachts. Com/indicators/Singapore_adult_literacy_rate The country has a strong social system which offers social benefits to its citizens, who are likewise obliged to contribute a minimum of 10% of their salaries into Central Provident Fund for public pension and retirement fund. Singapore society is sophisticated due to the influx of foreigners over the years. Alo ng with it comes an open mind and respect for all nationalities. People are sociable and courteous to each other. High emphasis is placed on public and racial agreement. Singapore are honest, highly disciplined and extremely hard-working. There is respect for seniority, authority and social norms. While individualism is important, Singapore is a society that honors socialism. Racism is taken seriously in the country. The Singapore government has laid down five basic Shared Vales to develop a distinct Singapore identity nation before community and society above self; family as the basic unit of society; community support and respect for the individual; consensus not conflict; racial and religious harmony. Due to the recent influx of foreign talent in Singapore, housing is no longer as cheap as it used to be. The year 2011 saw unprecedented growth in the property market and expects felt the pinch as well. However, when compared to Hong Kong or Japan, housing is still affordable in Singapore. Housing falls under two main categories public HAD flats (built by the Housing Development Board) and private condos/bungalows. The choice of housing purely depends on budget, location, facilities/amenities, transportation and personal preferences. Technological Singapore has a world class reputation for developing, implementing and innovating new technologies and is considered as one of the most developed IT infrastructure in the world. The countrys main exports are electronic and technological products. Singapore believes that information technology is a fundamental ingredient to strengthen a country. Singapore aims to become an IT-city state. To accomplish its goal, Singapore equipped every home, office and hotels with broadband, no matter wired or airless. The country is required by regulation of installing broadband in every newly-built household. Singapore has a high literacy rate of 95. 8% if the total population. The government is inculcating information technology in the education to children from first grade and above. This is to ensure that the new generation will become adept and skilled in the latest technology. According to research made by Nielsen, 85% of digital consumers in Singapore own an internet, capable mobile phone, 23% of Singapore internet users have a tablet computer in their home. Http://www. So. Nielsen. Mom/site/Instrumentalities 2011 . SHTML Singapore construction sector has been seeing positive growth since adopting building information technology aimed at enhancing productivity, data shows. In fact, about 65 percent of 1 ,OHO companies polled by the Building and Construction Authority (BCC) are already using Building Information Modeling (MM). This is an increase from 28 percent in 2010 when BCC pushed for the implementation of IBM. The agency aims to achieve an 80 percent adoption of the technology by 2015. After three years, BCC Chief Executive John Gung said it was about time to eve all of you a report card on the progress. The technology involves the generation and management of AD building designs, allowing building models to be shared easily with minimal loss of information. Http://www. Propertys. Com. So/property-management- news/2013/8/36360/65-of-co nest action-industry- uses-state-of-the-art- gal The Singapore Constitution is a supreme written law which states the basic freedom of individuals and the structure and organization of Singapore Executive, Legislation and Judiciary. A highlight of Singapore Legal System is the strong anti-corruption law. In Singapor e, the penalty for any person convicted in a corruption Can either receive a fine of up to $1 00,000 or up to five year of imprisonment or both. If the incidence involved government contracts or parliament member or a member of public service, the penalty of imprisonment will increase to 7 years. The corruption rate in the country is one of the lowest in the world. Buying a property in Singapore could be considered the most expensive of purchases in the lifetime of most Singapore, especially with todays high property prices. Whether the property is for ones own use or for investment, t is a financial commitment that one has to maintain as long as the housing loan is not fully repaid or the property is not sold. The latest property cooling measures introduced by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MASS) in January are timely in reducing the increasing investment and speculative demand in the property market spurred by the extremely low interest rate environment. Other than imposing higher additional buyers stamp duty (ABS) rates for the purchase of residential properties, reducing borrowing limits and increasing the cash downplaying, MASS has also introduced new rules overriding loans for Housing and Development Board (HAD) flats. One of the rules states that if a buyer takes a housing mortgage from a financial institution for the purchase of an HAD flat, the mortgage servicing ratio (MS) is capped at 30 per cent of the borrowers monthly income. MS is the proportion Of a borrowers gross monthly income going towards home loan repayment only. This is the first time that such a rule has been imposed on loans from banks, which is mainly to prevent excessive lending as well as to ensure that buyers do not overstretch their finances, especially for HAD resale flat buyers. Most importantly, it is to encourage home owners to go for properties that are within their means. Http://www. Businessmen. Com. So/specials/bat- supplements/housing-loan-tips-20130301 The Central Provident Fund Act (Cap. 36) Employers are required by law to contribute to the Central Provident Fund (CPRM). The CAP was essentially set up as an old-age savings scheme for employees. With time, the scheme has evolved into a comprehensive social security savings system providing financial security in old age in meeting the needs of its members in retirement, healthcare, home-ownership, family retention and asset enhancement. Under the scheme, employers are to ensure that CAP contributions are paid monthly for its employees at the rates set Out in the Central Provident Fund Act (Cap. 36). The employer is entitled to recover a percentage of that contribution from the employee through deductions from the employees wages. This occurs when wages are paid out. For illustration purpose, the contribution rate applicable to an employee who is 50 years and below is currently 33% of the employees wages for the month (up to an ordinary wage ceiling as stipulated from time to time). The employer is entitled to recover from the employee an amount equivalent to 20% of the employees wages for the month (subject to caps stipulated from time to time). Http://mad. Goodwills. Com/information/ Gu PDF In Singapore the Central Provident Fund is a compulsory comprehensive savings plan for working Singapore and permanent residents primarily to fund their retirement, healthcare, and housing needs. It is administered by the Central Provident Fund Board, a statutory board under the Ministry of Manpower. The employer has to contribute 15. % of the employees monthly Ross salary while the employee contributes of his monthly gross salary. The CAP was started on 1 July 1955. (http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/ Central_Provident_Fund) Still, even with the emphasis placed on home improvement, the Singapore government imposes restrictions on renovating HOBS, where majority of the population live. Renovation contractors must be registered under the HAD and are given four months to complete t he renovation project. Noisy works, such as removing walls and floor tiles, can only be done at specified days and times. Renovators are not allowed to drill house and to paint the exterior alls with a color that is different from that of the structures facade. The restrictions are imposed in order to ensure neatness and safety, as well as to avoid disturbing ones neighbors. Different countries may have different notions on what home improvements are acceptable or not, but all recognize its importance. Because of this, home improvement is widely discussed on the Internet. The websites that we have listed below according to their popularity and ratings provide a thorough guide to home improvement. Http://www. Had. Gob. So/if 1 D/if 1 IPPP. SF/w/ Homogeneousness? Abandonment Environment Singapore aims to deliver and sustain a clean and healthy environment and water resources for all Singapore. The government is focusing on Air, Water, land and energy/climate change. Singapore is eliminating the air pollution by setting regulation and standards of stringent emission, promotion or energy efficiency and intr oducing natural energy. The country achieved in good range for at least 85% if the days in SSI (Pollutant Standards Index) from year 2003 to 2006 and also the pollutant lever are managed to stay within the SEEPS (United States Environmental Protection Agency) tankard. There are two strategies for Stationery and Mobile sectors. For the Stationery sector, the government is working on the city planning and locations of the factories to reduce the impact of air pollution to the country. For the Mobile sector, the government is reducing the emission of vehicles and applying the newest regulation of emission on diesel vehicles, so that encourage the drive use more public transportation or using environmental friendly cars and energy then the emission will be reduced sharply. Water is a scarcity in the globe, especially in this island state, the main source f water is rainwater and the government is building more cattlemen to collect the rainwater. However the land used for the catchments is huge and Singapore is lack of land so the government seeks for other ways of getting potable water. The government is developing the technology of purifying and desalination of sea water. A desalination plan worth IIS$1 19 million has been running since September 2005. The plant is capable of producing 1 14 million liters Of potable water per day with the price of LOS$46/liter, which wiped off the threats of price increase of Malaysia. Due to the agreement sign The Central Building Plan Unit (CUP) of NEE provides one-stop service for clearance of Industrial Allocation/Land use applications, Development Control (DC) Plans and Building/Detailed Plans (BP/EDP) for development proposals on environmental matters consisting of Pollution Control, Environmental Health, Sewerage/Sanitary and Drainage Matters. CUP screens and assesses the hazards and pollution impacts of the proposed development to ensure that they do not pose unmanageable health and safety hazards and pollution problems, and do not generate wastes that cannot be safely managed and properly disposed off. Http://www. Bcc. Gob. So/ Publications/others/ Guide_on_Construction_of_Industrial_Developments_in_Singapore. UDF clearance of Industrial Allocation/l_Andes applications, Development Control (DC) Plans and Building/Detailed Plans (PAID) for development proposals on environmental matters consisting of Pollution Control, Environmental Health, Sewerage/Sanitary and Drainage Matters. To ensure that Singapore continue to enjoy a quality living environment, environmental considerations and factors are incorporated at the land use planning, development control and building control stages so as to minimize illusion impacts to the environment, mitigate nuisance impacts to surrounding land use and safeguard environmental health. CUP screens and assesses the hazards and pollution impacts of the proposed industries at the Industrial Allocation (IA) stage to ensure that they do not pose unmanageable health and safety hazards and pollution problems, and do not generate wastes that cannot be safely managed and properly disposed off. A proposed factory will be allowed only if it is sited in an appropriate industrial estate, is compatible with the surrounding land use and can comply with the pollution control requirements. The sitting requirements for industries and pollution control requirements are specified in the Code of Practice on Pollution Control. The Water Reclamation (Network) Department, PUB or PUB(WREN) plans, operates and maintains the public sewerage network and also regulates the provision of sewerage system and sanitary facilities in Singapore. The public sewerage network collects used water from domestic and non-domestic (e. G. Industrial, commercial, etc) sources. The Catchments and Waterways Department, PUB or PUB(CW) plans, develops and manages our reservoirs and waterways for water supply and load control, and integrates them with the surrounding environment in a sustainable manner. Internal Analysis Bulb has been conceptualizing, developing and building brilliantly functional fittings and ergonomic home storage solutions for more than 50 years. Amazingly smooth, superbly damped motion for doors, pull-outs and lift systems combined with outstanding use of storage space is the Bulb hallmark. Around the world Some 5,300 employees are realizing Our goal Of creating perfect motion for Bulb systems, focusing always on the needs of our demanding customers. We have seven factories in Overlarge, in Western

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buy custom Theories of Societal Development essay Fear is a normal human sensation; the degree, however, may be aberrant, and therefore may refer to some experiential underpinnings in the individual's human development that led to this abnormality. In human development, there are certain milestones that are associated with distinct age ranges. The early years from infancy to early childhood and into adolescence, are pivotal in laying down the neural foundations that control persons later in life (Tiedens, Leach, 2004).When fear presents in an aberrant fashion, such as through severe anxiety, depression, or anger, early years in human development must be examined to analyze why that fear exists in the degree that could be harmful the affected individual personal and social life (Rutledge, 2002). The Creation and Perpetuation of Fear According to Hunter (2004), The energy of fear can be shocking, like shards of glass or stabs of electricity (p. 60). Hunter also states, Sometimes the energy can be useful, as preparing for a sporting competition (p. 60), and Sometimes the energy can be paralyzing, as when were about to speak in public and find no words available (p. 60). Hunter added that, Fears are subjective and changeable, and self-generated fears are easier to tolerate than those that surprise us from external sources (p.60). In order to expound on the concept of fear, this study also discusses experiences such as the creation of hyper-vigilance and post-traumatic stress that are associated with harmful fear. Fear and athletics Outstanding performance within elite sport competition often requires simultaneous information processing, decision making, and reactions that are dependent on acquisition of the most relevant visual data from the environment (Singer, 2000). Athletes react differently to same information right before them. As stated by Davis and Sime (2006), Within elite athlete populations, where physical talent and skill differences are often minute, inter-individual differences in performance are often great, and fluctuations within individual performances are common (p. 364). Sport psychology tries to address the fact that although some athletes are physically talented enough to complete a task, something prevents these athletes from performing the task. Sport psychology researchers have suggested that anxiety might prevent the completion of sporting activities. Anxiety, in sports and in other life events that require some type of performance, may be based on a fundamental, though aberrant, fear response. Davis and Sime (2006) state that, the conventional wisdom that has developed within the field is that much of the variance in performance can be attributed to the effects of heightened levels of pre-competition anxiety. The feelings and emotions that are generated from fear can be positive or negative depending on the manner in which they are used. Not only must athletes be able to perform the physical task asked of them with limited error, but they must be able to process the information that is before them, eliminate any negative emotion, and thus perform the task. According to Davis and Sime (2006), majority of coaches use instructional time to develop physical talents and skills of their athletes. Although many coaches require their athletes to focus or concentrate of instructions given, few athletes fully understand the meaning of those concepts, and they are often left wondering, How, exactly do I do that? (p. 364). Fear and academics At the onset of my research, I asked a faculty member about his experiences after working with a team. The same factors were present in a team atmosphere as in the classroom and cooperative learning. As we discussed learning styles and genetics, I formulated the following questions to drive my research: How do genetics make one person more prone to fear and nervousness than another? How can educators effectively manage a cooperative or learning group? How important is controlling the consequences for individuals who cannot participate effectively? Why was there a complete lack of participation from the individual and would the lack of participation be the most detrimental on a team or in a cooperative learning setting? The process of improving a school program is a continuous one; it evolves as needs arise to reflect new societal needs. Therefore, conceptualization and implementation of these changes are not easy. Teaching process therefore needs to be constantly assessed and tested to be sure the program still works for immediate demands. The sample I am using has several features that allow for the use of up-to-date information and/or cutting-edge procedures. It also allows for creativity from both teacher and program director (Rutledge, 2002). The experiential perspective contains cultural experience which guides the individuals in a particular direction. In my field of study, the widespread Behaviorist revolution shifted interest from conscious processes to the results of these conscious processes. The largest circle of this influence came from American society as it transformed from an agricultural sea of island communities to an industrial state with immense international influence (Wiebe, 1967). People migrated from rural places built on traditions to cities filled with industry and unfamiliar faces. Thus, they had to learn new ways to socialize and new skills, placing value on the need for social adjustment. This form of behavior continued, and argument that perception and consciousness had value only if they produced adaptive behavior came to the fore. At this point, theorists also realized that behaviorism could not be defined any further. The culture and behavior of an individual will directly affect the way he or she perceives the experiences in his or her life which are discussed in two later sections, the importance of adults and culture. The practices of a community and whatever else is reinforced on a consistent basis, although external influences, will contribute to the internal motivation of the developing mind of a child who exists within that particular community (Tiedens Leach, 2004). Cooperative learning must be well structured so that learning can take place. The teacher or coach must choose groups from his/her students through which he can facilitate team work. In both academics and athletics, these groups reflect a diversity of viewpoints, abilities, gender, race, and other characteristics. Giving students opportunities to choose groups that suite them best may consequently result to homogeneity that reduces acquisition of social skills hence reducing their focus on the learning task (Rutledge, 2002). Howe (1960) examined quantitative motivational differences between volunteers and non-volunteers for a psychological experiment (p. 115). He explains some approaches to fear but not all. In his experiment, Hypothesis 1 predicted that using two different threats of electric shockstrong and weakmore people would volunteer for the weaker electric shock. Hypothesis 2 predicted volunteers would show a stronger approach and weaker avoidance compared with non-volunteers. The strength of the threat was the main independent variable; the increase in anxiety due to the anticipation of the threat was the main dependent variable. But would pre-existing characteristics, such as anxiety, affect the response to the threat? The first variable, cash, differentiates the motivation between volunteers and non-volunteers. The second variable, the level of shock treatment, demonstrates motivation behind harm avoidance and shock avoidance. The author established rules so that the experiment could be observed with clear results and the findings from those observations would be easy to comprehend. This way there were no biasness, and the experiment presented the facts of the experiment clearly, including their methods, subjects, materials and procedures. Two introductory psychology classes at Brooklyn College, each comprised of 89 students, were used as subjects. Each group of students was given a short 20-item form during class session. The class was also told that this was for the purpose of research, and the overseer of this experiment announced that the students would receive cash; the offer of cash was intended to help the experiment appear enticing. The experiment was described to the class including a mention of electric shock. To one class it was described as weak shock, and to the other class it was described as moderately strong shock. Students were then asked if they would like to participate immediately (within the next 30 minutes), or to delay their participation for 7, 14, or 21 days. On the back of the request form was a short questionnaire for the students to fill out. The form stated that there is currently an increasing amount of experimentation taking place involving shock and stress and a problem getting enough students to serve as paid subjects. The questionnaire contained three critical items dealing with the subjects anxiety about electric shock, fear of pain, and fear of injury. The sum of these items was entitled Shock Avoidance. Three other items were presented that dealt with the subjects present and future need for cash. The sum of these items was entitled Cash. A comparison was first made between weak shoc k and strong shock, followed by a comparison of male versus female regarding the avoidance of shock. It was concluded that more subjects volunteered for the weak shock group, but not significantly more, and there were significantly more males than females who volunteered overall. The results showed that volunteers tend to be low rather than high in avoidance motivation. However, these conclusions were more suggested than supported. For instance, the students who postponed the experiment rather than attend it immediately were considered more anxious. I am not in agreement with how the study was conducted or the way the results were interpreted. I believe there was not enough information provided concerning the subject, specifically, exploring the possibility that one or more of the subjects may have had a pre-existing anxious personality. The experiment would then only enhance a condition that was already present. The article provided some good facts, but there was no background information given on the subjects initial level of anxiety. An experiment described by Constantine and Sue (2007) in Perceptions of Racial Micro-aggressions Among Black Supervisees in Cross-Racial Dyads presents a different view. The purpose of this study was to examine the way a Black supervisee perceived racial micro-aggressions in a White supervisor. Racial micro-aggressions are brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, communicating negative or denigrating messages to people of color. Although the framework for this study seems like a natural phenomenon, it was created to obtain retrospective descriptions from Black American trainees of perceived racial micro-aggressions from White supervisors. This study was also an effort to gain an understanding of how micro-aggressions occur and their lasting effects on the supervisees. The qualitative approach to this study allows for a how and why analysis of racial micro-aggressions. This method also allows for interviews, observat ions and interaction between the author and each participant. Qualitative methods also allow for the discussion of feelings in this study versus straight facts. The studys procedure was to select a group of doctoral students in clinical supervision who had experience with this phenomenon. The criteria for participation in the study was a Black supervisee relationship with a White supervisor within the past two years, a belief that subtle racism exists, and personal experience with racism in supervision. Ten Black supervisees volunteered for this studyeight females and two males, eight identified as African American, one West Indian and one Black Dominican American, ages ranging from 25 to 38. Six of the supervisees said that their supevisor was a White woman, and the other four said their supervisor was a White man. An interview protocol was created, including literature on aversive racism, racial micro-aggression, cross-cultural and multicultural supervision and supervision outcomes, racial identity theory, and Black Americans experiences of racism. The interviews took place in a private office and ranged from 60-95 minutes. None of the par ticipants were reported to have an adverse reaction to the interview, and none of the participants were compensated for their participation. The interviewer chose to use the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the goal of which is to explore in detail the processes participants use to make sense of their experiences. However, with this type of analysis, the participants interpretations are bound by their ability to express their thoughts and describe their experiences. The primary researcher read over the transcripts several times to obtain a further understanding of each participants account and identified specific passages that seemed most helpful. The researcher constantly referred back to these passages, comparing them with the other participants accounts to identify common themes. Seven themes were found by Constantine and Sue (2007) which are invalidating racial-cultural issues, making stereotypic assumptions about Black clients, making stereotypic assumptions about Black supervisees, reluctance to give performance feedback for fear of being viewed as racism, focusing primarily on clinical weakness, blaming clients of color for problems stemming from oppression, and offering culturally insensitive treatment recommendations (pp. 142-153). Elaborating on these themes, invalidating racial-cultural issues meant that many of the Black supervisees in this study indicated that their White supervisors minimized, dismissed, or avoided discussing racial-cultural issues. Making stereotypic assumptions about Black clients was reported by several Black supervisees, indicating that their supervisors believed various stereotypes about Black clients. Making stereotypic assumptions about Black supervisees meant that supervisees were offended because their supervisors upheld blatant stereotypes, and attempts at open discussion were to no avail. Reluctance to give performance feedback for fear of being viewed as racist meant that many supervisors did not give feedback for fear of being labeled as such (Constantine Sue, 2007). Focusing primarily on clinical weakness was reported by supervisees who stated that their supervisors focused on their weaknesses with no feedback regarding their strengths. Blaming clients of color for problems stemming from oppression was derived from supervisors blaming clients for their difficulties instead of directly addressing issues of racism; clients were told to accept the fact that racism exists and to deal with it. Offering culturally insensitive treatment recommendations meant that supervisors treatment recommendations were not sensitive to Black culture when they dealt with clients family members ((Constantine Sue, 2007, pp. 142-153). As a Black man in a White majority environment, I experience micro-aggressions all the time, but this study was difficult to execute because it dealt mostly with the subjects feelings. The presence of micro-aggressions cannot necessarily be proven, and that makes them hard to address. That is also one weakness of this article. The strengths of this article are in both the group that was chosen and the pool of questions they were asked. These questions, combined with the themes and the referring to specific experiences by the participants gave the study credibility. Gaenter and Dovidio (2005), state: This dilemma reflects the tension between central principles of equality and fairness in the society and the daily operation of systematic prejudice and discrimination, at an individual and societal level, which produces racial inequality and reinforces racial disparities (p. 617). Schools are responsible for more than the overt transmission of knowledge, as they also participate in socializing students into approved norms and values. If there are implicit thought or a hidden curriculum being delivered by the instructor schools can transmit lessons that were not intended. However, transmission of this hidden curriculum is not obvious to its participants, nor is it expressed in stated educational objectives. Educators seek to make this hidden curriculum apparent in order to eliminate bias and ensure equity. Fear and its development How and when does fear develop? These are the core questions to this study. In order to ensure the issue of fear and its development is addressed to the latter, I included contributions of four human development theorists. The purpose is to compare and contrast their views on fear. I will analyze their contributions and relate them to the effect fear has on success and failure of students whether in class work or other extracurricular activities in school. The four theorists and their theories are: Jean Piagets cognitive development theory, Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs, B. F. Skinners behavioral operant, and Albert Banduras reciprocal determinism. From Piagets cognitive development, I will examine the sensorimotor stage: from birth to age 2 years (children experience the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence), the preoperational stage: from ages 2 to 7 (acquisition of motor skills), the concrete operational stage: from ages 7 to 11 (children begin to think logically about concrete events), and the formal operational stage: after age 11 (development of abstract reasoning). From Maslows hierarchy of needs, Maslow arranged needs in a hierarchy in terms of their potency. Although all needs are instinctive, some are more powerful than others. The lower the need is in the pyramid, the more powerful is the drive to meet it. The higher the need, the weaker its force and the more distinctly human it becomes. The lower needs on the pyramid are similar to those possessed by non-human animals, but only humans possess the higher needs. From Skinners behavioral operant, the study focuses on the organism's response to its environment while from Albert Bandura, I will examine reciprocal determinism. I will use all four theories to examine and compare two types of students and two types of athletes. The first type of athlete performs well in a game but not in practice; the second athlete does well in practice but not in the game. Similarly, the first type of student does well on tests but not on homework assignments, and the second does well on homework assignments but not on tests. Jean Piagets cognitive development theory Piagets theory of cognitive development was highly acclaimed and widely used in the field of developmental psychology. Its main concern was the growth of intelligence. Piagets definition of intelligence was the ability to accurately represent the world and to perform logical operations on representations of concepts grounded in the world. His theory uses schemata to describe how a persons view of the world changes as he or she develops mentally. Let us look at the two types of students and athletes in relation to the four theories, starting first with the athlete who performs well in a game but not in practice. Piaget and the Athlete The knowledge of biological sciences is important in understanding the development of fear. In biological terms, the existence of fear may indicate the presence of change to the normal structure or operation of the body, and fear may also indicate an imbalance in the bodys proper functioning. Does an athlete equate his or her advancements on the field with the same cognitive growth as in the classroom, or does he or she excel on the field but fail to bring those skills into the classroom? Piagets assimilation-accommodation model of cognitive growth emphasizes the active, constructive nature of a child. His model allows one to view cognitive development as a gradual, step-by-step process of structural acquisition and change, with each new mental structure growing out of its predecessor through the continuous operation of assimilation and accommodation. Flavell (1996) summarizes Piagets views on this subject and he points out that children are not empty slates that take what the environment offers without passively and without choosing. According to Flavell, Children posse reasoning abilities that enable them to selects the input that is meaningful to them. More so, they have the ability to represent and transform what they select so that it can reflect their cognitive structures Flavell (1996). Therefore, according to Piaget, childrens cognitive structures determine what take or ignore. The cognitive structures in children enable them to assimilate what they take from their environments and consequently this make them manufactures of their own development (p. 998). This means that children notice what is important to them; they notice what seems to define them or bring them meaning. So the question is at what point does a child place more importance on his or her performance on the field rather than in the classroom? A child interprets actions and words not necessarily how they were intended, but how they will help the child believe in him- or herself. As the childs body changes, his or her mind changes also, but there must be a balance between physical and mental development. (Jones, 2004 Piagets Cultural Aspect A culture is primarily comprised of its surrounding, structured environment. Our family, friends, religious beliefs, and the languages we speak give us our identity. Piaget recognized that a childs cognitive behavior is intrinsically rather than extrinsically motivated. He also recognized that the cognition of an individual is impacted by his or her environment; he believed that to some degree, social reinforcements affect a childs curiosity and cognitive exploration, that is, that children are built to think and learn (Flavell, 1996). Piagets ideas point towards the importance of environment in the development of a childs mind. Development is the key concept, as a child adapts to and assimilates culturally and biologically to what is presented to him or her on day to day life. Maslow and the Hierarchy of Needs Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory that psychologists, sociologists and educators can use to help them understand how a given individual chooses to act (Jones, 2004). Maslows theory encompasses physical needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and the need for self-actualization. Can Maslows hierarchy of needs be used only in the fields of psychology, sociology, and education, or can it be applied to specific settings? This theory is based on the assumption that all people have the desire to maximize their potential and strive to do what they are capable of doing. It also point out that after individuals meet the needs in the four lower categories, they will then strive to meet the needs in the fifth category (Jones, 2004). In this category, a person strives to meet the need to excel at something, which can involve choosing to act differently (Jones, 2004, p. 1). Also at this point in the needs hierarchy, fear or discouragement is learned. It is also at this point that a student or athlete relates his or her self-worth, value, morals and hard work to his or her performance in society, whether on the field or in the classroom. Fear and anxiety is believed to be more in the fifth level since the student has gained popularity and slight mistake could be very effect to his/her social life, class or in the field if the popularity is from sporting activities. Maslows Hierarchy and Biological Concept In biological tterms, life depends on an organism ability to meet its physiological and safety needs. Physiological needs, as described by Maslow and stated by Jones (2004), include food, water, clothing, security and sleep, they are by far the strongest and highly motivational (p. 2) factors. The physiological needs are necessary for life to begin and to continue. The drive and will to have these needs met will highly motivate an individual. Safety needs are another category of needs in which human beings are motivated by instinct. Knowing one is safe from harm, now or in the future, brings a sense of relief to the human mind (Boeree, 2006). This relief does not only come with physical safety but also with emotional safety. Jones (2004) states: For example, one person may avoid another person who poses an emotional threat whether may it be through intimidation or manipulation (p. 2). If a person is hungry and does not feel safe, he or she will not have the confidence to achieve a goal; if a person feels that his or her life is constantly in danger, it is likely that person will not learn about his or her abilities. All these fears have negative impacts to the ability of an individual to implement certain obligations as expected. Maslows Hierarchy and Cultural Concept The highest level of Maslows hierarchy is self-actualization. Jones (2004) describes it as the level where a person achieves competence in a certain undertaking or masters certain skills in his/her line of duty. Jones point out self actualization is more that being good at something. This is actually what makes ones soul satisfied and once the stage is reached there is no room for more improvements. This the best stage for an individual to make behavioral change since one is in control of what is happening in his/her environment. During other hierarchical stages life is full of challenges and making serious behavioral change is not possible Jones (2004). A person cannot reach this level of self-actualization if the first four need levels are not met and confidence is not established. Additionally, a child has the cognitive ability to learn from his surroundings and culture. Therefore it is evident that a child learns or feels that which is necessary to him, and fear can be one of those things (Bar-On, Maree, Elias, Maurice, (2007). If confidence is not obtained or introduced during the lower phases of Maslows hierarchy, another reaction will take its place. As each categorys needs fails to be met, a hesitation or pause occurs in the childs development before he or she moves to the next level of needs. My question is, will fear fill the void and remove the desire for a person to pursue higher goals? The answer to this question should be got by the completion of the study. B.F. Skinner and Behavioral Operant Boeree (2006) observes that Skinners entire system is based on operant conditioning. The organism is in the process of operating on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world, doing what it does. During this operating, the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus called a reinforcing stimulus, or simply, a rein forcer. This special stimulus has the effect of increasing the operant-that is, the behavior occurringjust before the reinforcing take place. This is operant conditioning: the behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms tendency to repeat the behavior in the future (Boeree, 2006, p. 4). Although Skinners research initially used rats, his intention was to understand human beings. Skinners research showed that positive feedback is essential, but to what degree does positive feedback affect performance in the classroom or on the field? As Boeree (2006) states, positive (or in some cases negative) feedback can contribute to Skinners idea of shaping, or the method of successive approximations (p. 6). Although in many cases the two men had very different views, some of Skinners work can be traced to Sigmund Freud. Overskied (2007) states that Indeed, Freud and Skinner had many things in common, including basic assumptions shaped by positivism and determinism. Most important, Skinner took a clear interest in psychoanalysis. Freud in many areas, such as dreams, symbolism, metaphor use, and defense mechanisms, influenced his views. Skinner drew direct parallels to Freud in his analysis of conscious versus unconscious control of behavior and of selection by consequences (p. 590). Skinner felt that some types of behavior could be adapted by appealing to defense mechanisms. Skinner also believed that phobias are caused by despair, and that religious zeal stems from phobia formation as do many excessively vigorous behaviors. Skinner also stated that central aspects of his own views of punishment concurred with Freuds view of repression; his discussion of human behavior also included a connection between repression and denial. Overskied (2007) also points out that Skinner believed verbal behaviors frequently suggest an escape from suppressing forces (p. 593). Albert Bandura Albert Banduras study of behavior indicated that an individuals environment can affect the way he thinks and acts. Boeree (2006) describes Bandura as finding the cause of some phenomena such as aggression in adolescents, as more complicated than environment causing behavior. He therefore added to the model suggesting that environment causes behavior and behavior causes environment too. He called this reciprocal determinism. From there, Bandura proposed that there are three factors in the formation of personality namely environment, behavior, and a persons psychological process. By adding these terms, Bandura theorized much more effectively about two things that many consider the strong suit of the human species:observational learning (modeling) and self-regulation (Boeree, 2006). Banduras Bobo Doll studies show the effects of observational modeling and learning. Bandura used a blow-up doll with a particular face on it and filmed a woman punching, kicking, and hitting the doll while yelling, Sockeroo! This film was shown to a group of kindergartners who enjoyed the film. The kindergartners were then released into a room containing several of the dolls, and, as expected, they hit, kicked and punched the doll (Boeree, 2006). These children changed their behavior without first being rewarded for approximations to that behavior.While that may not seem extraordinary to the average parent, teacher, or casual observer of children, it did not fit with standard Behaviorist learning theory. He called the phenomenon observational learning or observational modeling, yet, this theory is usually referred to as social learning theory (Boeree, 2006). After conducting a number of these experiments, Bandura observed specific steps in the modeling process. These steps were attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. The Importance of Adults Parents play a large role in childrens lives, from the youngest who are not yet sure of life, to the middle-aged following a path, to older children near the end of their journey of development. In the beginning of this journey and even throughout it, parents play a role in establishing who their children are and/or may become in life. As stated by McDevitt and Ormrod (2002), Parents (like all human beings) may entertain two inconsistent beliefs at the same time without acknowledging or wrestling with the inconsistency (p. 480). For example, if a set of rules is established by a group of parents, when those rules are enforced on one particular parents child, that parent will soon find fault in those same rules. Furthermore, parents (again, like all human beings) work hard to protect their own self-image (McDevitt Ormrod, 2002, p. 480) which is reflected in their own children. For the child, the fight for independence must be won to sharpen the childs decision-making skills. The parents role in this process is to supply needed realism and adult perspective to their childs decision-making. McDevitt and Ormrod (2002) assert that by observing his or her accomplishments and/or through the development of self-efficacy, the child internalizes a sense of satisfaction that is necessary for maintaining initiative. However, the child will develop guilt regarding personal needs and desires when a supervising adult discourages him or her from completing a goal independently. As a result, the child questions what he or she is actually capable of, and may reshape future actions taking initiative and taking on challenging goals, which in turn may not reflect the childs natural abilities, but a more limited repetition (McDevitt Ormrod, 2002). The curriculum artifact that I have chosen to analyze is the hidden curriculum. The word hidden means that the school, whether it realizes it or not, gives the student(s) information that is not within the official curriculum. This information can be transmitted by the staff associating and socializing with the students, suggesting that they accept certain beliefs or values. Educational leaders must try to reveal these hidden lessons in fear that create bias and in turn create an unequal learning environment. Because this curriculum is social in nature, its content is revealed at modeling level, where the social environment or cultural climate allows it to continue (Overskied, 2007). Culture We do not know how the practices that occur in local communities add up beyond particular subsets of culture to form larger patterns; some big-pattern aspects of culture may not be simply the invention of a cultural analyst but may exist in the world. Moreover, we think of general patterns of culture without presuming that those broadly distributed patterns add up to a single whole: the culture of each whole society, or one culture for each social group within a society. However, the culture of an individual will directly affect the way he or she perceives his/her experiences in life. Bullying can be thought of as changing the patterns or growth of an individual in a negative manner with long-term effects. The impact of ongoing bullying can be long-lasting and devastating for the bullied person (Townend, 2007, p.70). Shame placed on an individual or community may contribute to negative growth. Hunter (2004) points out that Shame is not the result of our doing something bad and feeling awful about it. Shame occurs as a result of feeling responsible for something we did not do, which is why it is so paralyzing (p. 122). The claim that shame adequately designates a single system of effect is debatable; however, it serves as a starting point for exploring a systematic link between social effect and relationship (Tiedens Leach, 2004, p. 65). Researchers Kaiser and Major (Tiedens Leach, p. 65), purport that in society, some social groups are valued and respected, while others are devalued and disrespected; some social groups are provided with educational or employment opportunities and others are denied the same opportunities (p. 270). Stiff and Van Vugt (2008) put forth that reputations influence an individuals decisions concerning with whom he will interact and who he will avoid (p. 156). Bar-On, Maree, and Elias (2007) argue the importance of emotional intelligence in creating relationships, as emotional intelligence allows one to be aware of ones emotions and oneself in general, to understand ones strengths and weaknesses, and to be able to express ones feelings non-destructively (p. 2). Although an external influence, practices consistently reinforced in a community or society will contribute to the internal motivation of a childs developing mind and this includes fear. Buy custom Theories of Societal Development essay

Developing Yourself As A Supervisor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developing Yourself As A Supervisor - Assignment Example An excogitation of this notion is imperative to comprehend what is required to develop oneself as a supervisor. Leadership involves much dynamic roles to be played by supervisor in order to achieve the goals both effectively and efficiently. Leadership or leading is more about influencing people through examples rather than merely exercising authority over them. Bateman-Snell (2003, p15) delineate the term as, "Leading is stimulating people to be high performers. It is directing, motivating, and communicating with employees, individually and in groups. Leading involves close day-to-day contact with people, helping to guide and inspire them toward achieving team and organizational goals. Leading takes place in teams, departments, and divisions, as well as at the tops of large organizations". The above definition subtly enkindles an approach towards people-management. It reflects that a leader in true sense is a people-player, being capable of driving people to achieve high standards of performance through proper direction, communication and motivation. In order to be successful as a leader, the supervisor needs to be capable of determining a 'direction' to be followed, 'communicates' the goals to the team members and then 'motivates' them to accomplish those goals in the most desirable manner. Motivation plays a key role in ... He nurtures the environment for development, creates an atmosphere of contribution and drives the willingness of subordinates to work by reconciling the organisational benefits to their personal welfare. Horner (1997, p274) further elaborates this point as, "leaders understand what people value, they can impact people's actions by defining what behaviours will produce desired outcomes". Hence, the leader directs and motivates the people after developing a sound understanding of his team members and their personal desires. Therefore, leadership does not only lie in setting goals, having a vision and identifying direction for competitive advantage, rather in order to be a successful supervisor one needs to identify his people's needs and coordinate their efforts through personal qualities. Mastrangelo, Eddy and Lorenzet (2004, p435) state that, "effective leaders engage in both professional leadership behaviors (e.g. setting a mission, creating a process for achieving goals, aligning processes and procedures) and personal leadership behaviours (e.g. building trust, caring for people, acting morally)". The crux of this concept is that both personal and professional calibres of leadership cannot be termed as innate, as these qualities can be acquired and developed consistently through practice and experience. However, the question lies in a leader's own desire to understand people and exert effort to inspire them. As understood, the focus of leadership is people and an effective management of people is the key to effective leadership. Heifetz and Lauries (1997, 46), "Before putting people to work on challenges doe which there are no ready solutions. A leader must realize that people can learn only so much so

This is the next step in creating your marketing plan Essay

This is the next step in creating your marketing plan - Essay Example On the other hand, it may be indirect, i.e. involving a myriad of interconnected intermediaries who facilitate the movements of the products from the producers to the customers such as agents, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers (Dent, 2011). In the case of indirect distribution, each of the intermediaries receives a product at a set price then he moves it to the next at a much higher price until the products reach the final consumers. In this regard, the price of the product rises considerably as it goes through these channels thereby becoming very expensive and unaffordable by the time it reaches the final consumer. For instance, coffee goes through a long winding channel before reaching the final consumer. It involves the farmers who grow the coffee, the exporter who exports processed coffee from its country of production to overseas, the importer in overseas who orders coffee from coffee producing regions, the distributor of imported coffee such as supermarkets and stores, and finally the retailer who brews the coffee and sells it to the final consumer. This is where River Side Cafe stands (Kansal & Kapoor, 2003). However, in this case, the producer of the products on sale, i.e. coffee and tea, is the cafe and the customers of the products are the clients who throng into the company premises to taste a cup of pure traditional coffee and tea imported from Mexico. As such, River Side Cafe only considers itself and its customers in setting up its channels of distribution. The main product sold by the cafe is a service. Services are inseparable from their producers. Therefore, it is unlikely for the cafe to seek out external distributors of their coffee and tea rather than themselves. In addition, quality service delivery comes along with customer experience journeys and experiences that should enable the organization deliver maximum satisfaction to their consumers. The cafe will therefore adopt a direct

Childcare and Education Essay Example for Free

Childcare and Education Essay E1- Summarise the factors which may influence the health and development of babies in the first year of their lives Environmental factors such as not having enough space in the garden for babies to move around to play and explore will influence their development as they maynot be able to expand their fine and gross motor skills. The environment can affect babies health and development as people around the baby who may smoke can transfer that smoke to the baby even if the smoke isnt directly infront of them. By having a ward and consistant home this can help the baby feel safe and secure therefore maintaining their health and development. Parents may not be able to afford toys and equipment for their child to play with, this may affect the child as the child may not get to experience different experiences. A stimulating environment for a baby is important as they will learn according to the opportunities they get, objects such as rattles, musical toys will encourage movement and interaction. Physical- This is important as babies development can be affected by this. The mother may not be able to take the baby for walks outside or carry the baby around or upstairs/downstairs due to disabilities that the mother or parents may have in general. Genetics is another factor which may influence health and development of the child as some illnessess are inherited. An example is Downs Syndrome, this is a genetic condition that causes physical and intellectual impariments. The mothers health plays a vital role in the development of a baby as women who are in good health during pregnancy are more likely of having a healthy baby, as the baby will be getting all the nurtition it needs to develop. If the mother is not healthy the baby will be affected by this. Emotional- After having a baby some mothers suffer or develop from post natal depression and this can affect how the mother and babys bond in the first few months. After a difficult birth post natal depression may develop, some women suffer generally from depression, if it has taken a mother a while to fall pregant and have children, and some women may develop this for some unkown reason. During the first month, some babies may develop faster or slower than average; this is only rarely a sign of a medical condition. Preterm babies born before the 37th week of pregnancy are physically younger than their full-term peers, so they may show signs of cognitive or physical delays. However, most preterm infants catch up to their peers during the first or second year of life. Other factors that influence a newborns development include genetics, environment and the caregivers levels of interaction. E2/C1- Describe how indoor and outdoor environments can be made safe, reassuring and stimulating Indoor and outdoor environments can be made safe by making sure children are looked after and cared for properly and never left alone, so there must be correct ratios in the setting, ratios are stated under Ofsted and the EYFS to make sure the children have the right amount of care attention they need. If theres not correct ratios the children can be put at risk, and this may cause accidents. By following all the correct policies and procedures and checking all eqiupment is safe for the child to use. Risk assessments must be done before the children can go into the environment and the environment must be adapted for all childrens individual needs so they are able to learn and achieve. From providing the correct equipment this will help develop the childrens individual skills. By having a safe and secure environment children will feel comfortable and safe which is important. The indoor environment should feel homely so the children will feel settled and comfortable in the environment. It is important to let children to give their input in the indoor areas, such as allowing them to do a display. The indoor area must have space and room for the children can move around safely, the cupboards,draws and tables must all be at the childrens level and not high up as this could cause an accident as something could fall down from above and hit the child. Radiator guards must be in setting to protect the children. Ensuring children have new experiences helps them develop in many ways, new experiences allows babies too use their imagination and copy what they see or experience in another situation. New experiences stimulate babies into wanting to learn and do more that challenges them to see what happens. The outdoor environment must provide children to have freedom and able to run around and have independance. The outdoor environment must suit all ranges of weather so the children can go outside in all weathers. All equiptment must be suitable and age appropriate, before children can go outside risk assessments must be done, if there is any unnessesary objects outdoors such as glass, litter or waste can be removed so it is safe for the children to play. The outdoor area should provide challenge as a risk is a challenge what a child can see, and are able to undertake it or not. Free flow must be introduced so children can move freely from outdoors to indoors easily. Learning activities must be provided outdoors also. Daily outdoor play is an important part of children’s learning and is required by the EYFS. It offers many new learning experiences, and boosts mental and physical wellbeing and confidence. Free-flow play adds further benefits, giving children more space and freedom to explore the world around them, letting them make decisions and assess risks while reducing the feeling of being rushed from one activity to the other. Children all have different learning styles and needs; some prefer to play and learn outside, and should be offered this opportunity wherever possible. Some may not have outdoor space at home, in which case it’s even more important. http://www. teachnursery. com/nursery-management/view/qa-free-flow-play It is important that practitoners know if children have any allergies, as children under 12 months cannot talk or communicate very well so practitioners must ask parent/carers this informaation. Having allergies on recored or on view in the setting will help anyone unfamililar coming into the setting. If practitioners do not know this information then the child/baby will be at risk. There are different things that helps reassure babies in settings which could be stability and consistancy, familar staff and practitioners, good positive relationships and things which comfort the child such as a blankets and dummies. E3- Describe the expected stage of development of babies at the chosen age and how they may be expected to develop in the next two, three months of their lives At six months babies will develop gross motor skills. When a baby is lying on their back they can roll over onto their stomach. If lyin on their stomach the child will be able to llift their head and chest, supporting themselves on their arms and hands. Babies at this age can use their shoulders to pull themselves into a sittingn position. At 6 months a baby can almost handle all their own weight. They are able to move their arms purposefully and hold them up, indicating a wish to be lifted. Babies at six months are able to kick vigersously with their legs altertaning, the baby can also lift their legs into a vertical position and grasp one or both feet with their hands. Babies at this age also have social skills as they can sime and babble when given attention and enjoy social play. Also babies will be able to mimic facial expressions and repete them. In the next couple months of the babies live their emotional skills will develop more and will be able to express pleasure and displeasure also will be able to distinguish emotions by a tone of voice. Their language will also improve as the child will be able to reconigise th ecare givers voice, and is able to respond to their name also aswell as being able to respond to other words such as mummy bye bye. Babies will be able to thurn their head in direction when spoken to. In the next few months the baby will explore more with their hands and mouth as is able to find partially hidden objects. A baby at this age will also spend longer studying and taking more interest in toys. E4- Explain how TWO different play activities/experiences can support the overall development of the baby described in E3 Treasure baskets is a good way to get babies to explore different objects and toys. From the basket having toys which are sensory this will encourage the child to use all senses. Such as having musical things in the basket which will encourage to child to listen, having toys which are colourful, and other objects in the basket which are different shapes, sizes, different textures such as a fluffy, hard, soft etc. Introducing new things will support overall experiences and have a variety of objects in basket will give the child a range of new things they can play will and learn from, having mirrors and shinny bits on the basket will attract the baby’s attention, it can help the development of fine motor skills. The child will discover that not all things are the same. This will encourage hand and eye coordination and is allowing the baby to explore and use their own imaginaton. From using treasure baskets babies will be curious and will discover that some objects feel different, look different and may be harder to hold than others, they will be curious and may try banging the toys either on the floor, the basket on against another toy. Messy play. This stimulates the senses and babies are able to use their imagination. The experience gained during messy play helps children experience a variety of textures. During messy play, babies are developing eye hand coordination and fine motor skills and is a learning experience for the child. Children can do body paint and use their bodies to do a picture or objects can be introduced such as a sponge so the child can use different materials throught the activity. This will encourage the child to see different colours and use a variety of materials. E5- Describe the role of the practitioner in meeting the particualr needs of babies in the chosen type of setting (group care or home based care) In group based care such as pre-school, Private day nursery or schools the practitioner had an inportant role. This is to ensure that all individual needs of children are met. This is so the children will develop and grow. Communication with parents/carers is important as it gives the practitoner a chance to understand what the childs rountine is at home and make sure it is as stress free and possible, as using as much as the childs routine at home as possible. This routine may include feeding and sleeping. The practitioner must be aware of the childs routine as the child will be used to certain times they have a nap and sleep, what time they have meals etc so it is important that the pracftitioner must let the child sleep and eat at what times they are used to. Routines are important for babies as it helps them know what they are doing, without routines babies can be unsettled and not sleep well. Ensuring good relationships with both parents and baby will make sure information is passed between the parents and the practitioners so that both are aware of anything that could affect the care of the child. The practitioner needs to ensure that they have an honest and professional relationship with children and parents as this is vital. Practitioners and settings also must ensure that they have stimulating activities for babies to get involved in, such as an activity which will help develop the babies senses, their sight, touch, taste, and hearing, this will help babies develop and meet important milestones. Planning is very important in settings and practitooners must be able to adapt planning when needed or if needed to suuit individual needs, babies need stimulation to keep them engaged and to ensure they develop and make progress to ensure they meet milestones in the future. The environment in the setting must be open to adaptation, indoors and outdoors. Baies must have opportunities to help their development and growth. When babies start to crawl, walk they need to have a safe environment. The safety and welfare of the children should still be the main priority of the practitioner, making sure toys are age and stage ppropriate and planning to meet the needs of all the children in the practitioners care. E6- Show how the child proctection policies and procedures in the setting protect and safeguard the babies Health and safety- This ensures all equipement and resources are safe to use and clean, sterrile for babies to use. Risk assessments must be made so all environments are safe for all children. Confidentiality This reassures parents/carers as it ensures that all the childrens information is secure and kept away, so only people who need to access it can do. Confidentiality means that all the childrens personal information must be kept in a locked cupboard or in a computter with a password to protect all the details and information. Practitioners within the setting should have up to date training to ensure they are fully aware of confidentiality and be aware if any policies and procedures have changed. Child protection policies and procedures in the settings are there to protect all children and babies. Babies cannot protect themselves so policies and procedures are to ensure children do not come to any unnessearyy harm and are cared for correctly. All babies and children must be protected from any discrimination such as gender, disability,race etc. Children must be safe and protected so practiononers must reconise abuse if they see any signs which are neglect, physical, sexual and emotional. Practitoners must know what to do if they see any of theses signs to protect the child. Child protection policies will cover all staff and those working in at setting have CRB checks, and trainign they need. Safe guarding procedures involve making sure all children are picked up from the setting by carers and not sent home with anyone without the parent/carers permission. Sharing information and team work is important when it comes to protecting babies as communication is key. If a parent tells a practitoner that another person is coming to pick their child up this must be passed on so the staff/practioners are aware of this. From working in a team this can help protect children, different professionals have different exeperiences and knowledge with children, so working together is important. It ensures a childs welfare through having knowledge from all different areas. An example is practitioners will know the childs day to day behaviour is, and will know the child well, as a GP will not know the child that well but will know medical knowledge which the practitoner wouldnt know, therefore for the childs welfare it is important for all professionals to work together. E7/D1- Explaing the importance of well planned care rountines and the key worker system Care rountines are very important for babies as by meeting babies needs carers are encouraging self-eteem and the sense of feeling valued. Care rountines are benficial as they involve identifying the needs of children so they can meet them. This can be done by observation, oberving children in groups and alsone to see how they behave. When needs of babies have been identified then you are able to move forward, planning can be done to meet these needs. If childrens needs are not met this will affect the child as the child will not be able to develop, learn and meet important milestones as they should. Care routines give babies stabiltity as having a good care routine reassures the child and gives them constiancy. By having practioners around will make the children feel more secure and safe, as the practitioner adn child will develop a relatioship and bond. This will help the baby feel settled and comfortable with a bond and may not feel safe without this bond and the babies may feel unsettled, disstressed and unhappy so a good relationship will encourage the child to develop trust and overall all will be happier and learn to develop better. Relatioships with practitoners and parents is also important as the parent knows the child best. Meal times is apart of a care routine, and the practioners must ensure children are getting the nurtition they need, and help to encourage the child to eat. Aswell as giving babies food and drink, meal times can be very enjoyable and stimualte the social and emotional development as children are able to communicate with each other during meal time and interact which is good for the babies social skills. Care routines are important for babies safety as policies will identify procedures which will ensure the children are safe and exaple is safety gates, gates must be kept shut at all times so the children cannot get out. Good hygiene is also beneficial to a good care routine as this will prevent babies and practitioners from becoming ill and prevents the spread of infection. Hygiene is a big part of a care routine for babies so practitoners must was hands after using the toilet, deadling with bodily fluids, before preparing foods and bottles. From having similar care routines at home and in settings is important as this will give children security and will understand whats happening around them and be more comfortable and confident. In every early years setting children have a key worker. Key Workers are resbonsible for their child and form good realtionships. Key worker will observe their child regualy and keep a record of how the child is developing. Planning is the key workers job and must plan to what the childs needs are. Key workers are close to their group of children and respoonsible for them, therefore will know their child more than other practitioners in the setting so key workers role is also to communicate with other professionals. The key person plays an essential role in supporting the emotional well-being of the children in their care. In doing so they take responsibility for those aspects of the child’s day which have the greatest impact on their well-being. These include personal care routines – nappy changing, toileting, rest times and meal times.